金属珐琅编分论

故宫博物院所藏珐琅器分别由古器物部和宫廷部管理。古器物部管理的珐琅器共计6155件，其中清宫旧藏5746件，1949年以后收购、上级拨交和捐赠409件。宫廷部管理的珐琅器800余件，主要是祭法器和原状陈设品。故宫博物院所藏珐琅器的年代上起元代，下迄民国。
Enamelware in the collection of the Palace Museum is managed by the Department of Antiquities and the Department of Court. The former has a total of 6,155 pieces of enamelware, including 5,746 pieces directly from the collection of the former Qing court and 409 purchased, transferred by higher authorities or donated after 1949. The Department of Court has over 800 pieces of enamelware, mainly ritual instruments and pieces on original-state display. The time to which the enamelware in the Palace Museum dates from ranges from the Yuan Dynasty to the Republican Period.
“珐琅”一词是外来语汇，也有“佛郎”、“法蓝”等称谓。珐琅器是将珐琅釉通过不同的加工工艺固着于金、银或铜胎的表面，经焙烧后而成。根据其制作方法的不同，珐琅器可分为掐丝珐琅、錾胎珐琅（内填珐琅）、画珐琅三大品种。珐琅器具有金属的坚固性、玻璃的光滑性和瓷的耐蚀性，是实用与艺术完美结合的工艺美术品。 The Chinese word falang (enamel), with such variants as folang and falan, is of foreign origin. Enamelware is made by using various techniques to attach enamel glaze to the surface of bodies made of gold, silver or copper and by firing. According to the different methods, enamelware can be classified into cloisonné enamel, champlevé enamel and painted enamel. Enamelware is as solid as metal, as smooth as glass and as resistant to corrosion as porcelain. It is a perfect combination of practicality and artistry.
掐丝珐琅、錾胎珐琅和画珐琅，分别于不同时期在我国出现。掐丝珐琅俗称“景泰蓝”，其原产地在今天的中东地区。公元11世纪，中东的阿拉伯人已开始制作和使用掐丝珐琅。约在公元13-14世纪，掐丝珐琅工艺传入中国。珐琅工艺虽是舶来品，但一经传入中国，即与我国传统的金属制造工艺、镶嵌工艺有机地融为一体，心灵手巧的中国工匠很快掌握了掐丝珐琅的制造技术，所制珐琅器在造型、图案等方面完全民族化，甚至不留有任何外来文化的影响与痕迹。
Cloisonné enamel, champlevé enamel and painted enamel appeared in China at different times. Cloisonné enamel, commonly known as jingtailan, originated in what is now the Middle East. In the 11th century, Arabians in the Middle East began to make and use it. In the 13-14th century, the technique was brought to China. Despite its foreign origin, once in China, the technique was integrated with the traditional techniques of metal production and inlaying. The ingenious Chinese craftsmen soon mastered the technique of cloisonné so well that their works are totally acculturated in form and design, without any trace of foreign cultures.
掐丝珐琅是一种复合工艺品，由多道工序组成。一般以红铜做胎（少数以金、银或黄铜为胎），胎子成型后，再用细而窄长的铜丝，根据装饰图案所需，焊接在胎体表面；然后用五颜六色的珐琅釉填入凹陷的花纹之中，入窑焙烧；因其焙烧后凝结的珐琅釉会收缩，所以填釉、焙烧的工序需要重复多次，才能使珐琅釉完全充分的填充在掐丝的凹陷位置；烧好之后，再进行打磨、镀金等工序方可成器。正是由于掐丝珐琅制作工艺复杂、技术要求严格、成本较高等原因，故其在中国诞生之日起，就被实力雄厚、人才济济的皇家所垄断，秘藏深宫，很长一段时间为皇室和达官贵胄独享。 The cloisonné is a composite handicraft processed through several steps. The body is usually made of copper and occasionally made of gold, silver or brass. When the body has been shaped, thin and long copper wires are soldered to the surface according to the decorative design. Then, the depressed parts of the design are filled with colorful enamel glaze and the article is fired in the kiln. Since the glaze contracts during the firing, the last step must be repeated several times so that the depressed parts are fully covered with glaze. This done, the article is polished and gilded. Costly and technically complicated and demanding, the cloisonné, even since its birth in China, had been monopolized by the imperial court on the strength of its affluence and its wealth of talents, enjoyed by the imperial family, the aristocracy and senior ministers only during a long time.